![]() ![]() Hence, she never moved from the shack where she lived so that she will be there when Saroo comes back! Saroo’s birth mother Kamala is another remarkable woman, who never gave up hope that her son would one day return. Sue, Saroo’s adopted mother, herself was a WWII refugee from Hungary and her story is in itself pretty stirring, as told in the book. The truth, however, is meant to be uncovered and almost twenty years later, with the advent of internet and google earth, is any question too difficult to be answered and is any place too hard to find? This book in some ways is a tribute to modern technology. The ripples seem so far and wide, as if it would impossible to trace back to the central plop that the pebble created. A five-year-old poverty ridden, illiterate boy gets lost in Kolkata, one of the biggest cities in the world, miles away from his home, a limited vocabulary and vague knowledge do not turn out to be helpful, somehow he saves himself from sex traffickers, organ harvesters and animals, and ends up in an orphanage, where an Australian couple decides to adopt him. It isn’t a cause and effect kind of story, it is a cause and effect and its aftereffects kind of story, like a pebble thrown in a pond causing ripples all around. This is a tale so incredible it will force your heart to dabble with a full spectrum of human emotions from hope to horror, from anger to love, from frustration to fulfillment. The book is not long and yet the prose is thorough. Saroo Brierly accounts in this memoir, a poignant tale of love and loss. And mix with your ears-not your eyes-with ergonomic controls you can feel at your fingers.“I literally could not put this book down… return journey will leave you weeping with joy and the strength of the human spirit” NO MAJOR SPOILERS Create custom macros to perform complex tasks instantly. Jump to any track or section with a touch. With the combination of touchscreen, fader, knob, and switch control, you gain incomparable navigation speed and tactile precision to create better sounding mixes faster. Or lacking in tactile feedback with just a touchscreen. Mixing can be tedious with a keyboard and mouse alone. And when paired with Pro Tools | S3, you gain new timesaving touch workflows and custom control. Working together with your iPad, you get the quick touchscreen access and tactile precision control you need to navigate and control music and post projects faster using your favorite DAWs. Based on the advanced touchscreen workflows of the award-winning Pro Tools | S6 and hybrid command of the bestselling Artist | Control, Pro Tools | Dock provides intelligent studio control in a portable, ergonomic, and affordable surface. Pro Tools Dock - Mini footprint, Massive controlĪccelerate your editing and mixing tasks in creative new ways. The Avid Pro Tools | S3 + Pro Tools Dock Bundle is a limited time offer where with the purchase a Pro Tools | S3 control surface together with a Pro Tools | Dock you also will receive a Tier 3 premium plug-in card (a $499 USD value or currency equivalent) at no extra charge. ![]() ![]() Digital Adapters & Miscellaneous Cables.Acoustic Treatment and Sound Diffuser Panels.Best Selling Microphones - Tube & Solid State.Microphone Bundles - Vocal & Drum Mic Sets.Headset Microphones - Omnidirectional & Cardioid. ![]()
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![]() The total stitches for each round will increase by 8 each time. To add increase rounds just repeat round 4 but change the instruction ‘hdc in next 2’ so round 5 would be ‘hdc next 3’, round 6 would be ‘hdc next 4’ and so on. (32)Īdd more increase rounds if you want it even bigger! Rnd 4: Continuing to work in the 3rd loop only, 8 times. Rnd 3: Continuing to work in the 3rd loop only, 8 times. Rnd 2: Working in the 3rd loop only (loop at the back so the top V of the stitch is pushed to the front), 2 hdc in each of the next 8. Work 8 hdc into the 2nd ch from the hook. I used Lion Brand Vanna’s Choice (medium weight 100% acrylic) in Pink Crochet Pom Pom Giant Bunny Tail Free Pattern Oh and please be sure to check out more of MY PATTERNS and become an e-mail SUBSCRIBER. You can use any yarn you like – use the hook size recommended on your yarn label or go down a size if you want/need to. The pom pom can be made more fluffy by adding extra chains to the loops or less fluffy and more dense by chaining less. The circle base is standard increases so you can add rounds to make it bigger or crochet less rounds to make it smaller. I’m still working on this Easter Bunny outfit but here is a photo of me testing out the pom pom – I love how big and fluffy it is! Then, single crochet stitches and chain loops are worked into the remaining two loops of the stitches to create this fluffy ruffled bunny tail. ![]() My pom pom starts out with a circle of half double crochet stitches worked into the third loop of the previous round to create a base for the pom pom. I crocheted a chain loop pom pom onto the Santa Hat I designed a few months ago so I built on that idea and came up with this. I decided that a flat-backed pom pom would work best for this. I wanted to make a big fluffy tail but a regular pom pom would be too heavy and also difficult to sew on. I needed to make a pom pom to use as a tail for the Easter Bunny poncho/sweater/outfit I’m making for a friend. ![]() ![]() ![]() It strikes randomly, creating fires where it strikes, igniting any nearby flammable materials, but the rain usually puts the fire out before it can spread. Lightning occurs frequently during thunderstorms, if there is rain. These particles (along with the associated sound) can be disabled by setting Particles to "Minimal" in the Video Settings menu. Rain particles make noise when they hit a block, and this noise can be heard at any point within 16 blocks. Rain fills up cauldrons with water, albeit slowly.Farmland becomes hydrated if it isn't already.Wolves shake themselves dry if they are not moving (certain versions only).Other interesting effects caused by rain: Blazes and striders that are brought into the Overworld take damage and eventually die from being in contact with rain. Endermen teleport randomly until they find a dry place. On the contrary, endermen and snow golems may die due to their weakness to water. Mobs that are on fire are extinguished on contact with rain this prevents skeletons and zombies from burning during the day. However, it does not extinguish fires on netherrack, and it does not solidify lava. Rain extinguishes fires (including flaming arrows ). Rainstorms reduce the light level to 12 in full daylight. Rain occurs only in biomes with a temperature of 0.15–0.95. Although the sun is not visible during rain, the glow associated with sunrise and sunset is still visible. The clouds darken depending on the severity of the weather note that the clouds themselves do not precipitate. The sky itself darkens, to the point where celestial bodies (including the sun, moon, and stars) are no longer visible. Because of this, villagers return to their homes until the storm passes. Inclement weather reduces the sky light level, depending on the severity of the storm. When doWeatherCycle is set to false, the weather does not change indefinitely, unless altered using the / weather command. Weather changing can be toggled on or off using the / gamerule doWeatherCycle true|false command. toggledownfall also switches to inclement weather, or vice versa. The parameter is the duration of the weather in seconds. Players who have cheats enabled can change the current weather if they wish, by entering one of the following commands: / weather rain or / weather thunder, and / weather clear to clear the inclement weather. The type of weather that occurs depends on several variable factors, including the temperature of the current biome, and the altitude in which it occurs. In Bedrock Edition, both rainy and stormy weather are grayscale. A comparison of sky light levels during different types of weather. ![]() ![]() Go to Support Center Talk to a human Need to talk Call us any day of the week from 8 a.m. phone numbers, directions, and more using our interactive map and up-to-date information. Find a location Support Center Browse by bank topics, popular topics or search with your own terms. Find local Capital One Bank branch and ATM locations in Wichita, Kansas with addresses, opening hours, phone numbers. Now all of a sudden it Only shows up in a totally different state and with exact name search. GET IN TOUCH Connect in person Talk through your questions at one of our Capital One Cafs or branches. Via mail Contacting Capital One Customer Service Over the Phone Capital One provides various numbers you can dial for support depending on the type of assistance you need. Is there something I could do to send signals to Google to show that I am in Matthews, NC?Ģ months ago my listing quit showing up at all unless you typed exact business name Make the call to the corporate number if you should ever wish to verify a problem. Cash advance Use your credit card to get cash advances up to your available cash limit Make a deposit Learn a few ways you can deposit money in your account. Reset debit card PIN Request your Personal Identification Number (PIN) or change one. Please be careful and never give out your SS or acct. Make credit card payment For faster processing, make your payment online. Called the corporate number for Capitol One and they confirmed this number is a fraud. What could possibly cause my listing or Google to do this? I have been without my listing for a few months now and have NO calls coming in from it. Ang 2 replies Received a call from this number. They provide credit cards, checking accounts, savings accounts, auto loans, and more. If you search Locksmith Independence, KS it shows up on the maps. Capital One offers many different services, such as various banking, saving, and credit options. If you search Locksmith Matthews, NC my listing does not show up at all. ![]() Keep in mind the GMB is in Matthews, NC All my service areas and the actual map show the correct areas. Now if I search my business name under the auto populate I see it with Independence, KS on the listing. 80: Capital One With a volume of 37 million calls, this number leaves a voicemail from a woman claiming to be from Capital One Bank calling to discuss an 'important business. Please be careful and never give out your SS or acct. ![]() I pretty much do not have any traffic, views or calls now. Ang 2 replies Received a call from this number. ![]() Posted about my SAB listing a few weeks ago about not showing up in search only when you entered the exact name. ![]() ![]() ![]() When the Company uses information from Your check to make an electronic fund transfer, funds may be withdrawn from Your account as soon as today’s One-Time Transfers: When You provide a check as payment, You authorize the Company either to use information from Your check to make a one-time EFT from Your account or to process the payment as a check transaction.By signing below, You authorize the Company to draft via EFT said amounts from the account or card identified The transactions on Your bank, debit, or credit card statement shall constitute receipts for payment on Your account. The items outlined in Your Membership Agreement (monthly dues, annual fees, enrollment fees, etc.) shall be drawn on or about the date or dates set forth in the Membership Agreement. ![]() I/We hereby request the privilege of paying to ABC Fitness Solutions, LLC (“The Company”), Sherwood, AR 72124, and further authorize the Company to draw items (checks, electronic fund transfers, charge card) for the purpose of paying said payments, including any late fees or service fees, on the account listed above. You must complete the following form for all EFT, automated clearing house or credit card draft payments or accounts: and Club Fitness reserve the right to draft (via EFT) all amounts owed by the member including any and all late fees, service fees and returned item fees, subject to any applicable state and/or federal law. Subject to appropriate State and Federal Law. Club Fitness engages a third-party billing company, ABC Fitness Solutions, LLC, to process automatic and electronic payments hereunder. If the member is paying monthly dues by electronic funds transfer (EFT), the clubs billing company, ABC Fitness Solutions, LLC, reserves the right to draft via EFT all amounts owed by the member including any and all late fees and service fees. SHOULD ANY MONTHLY PAYMENT BECOME MORE THAN TEN DAYS PAST DUE, YOU WILL BE CHARGED A LATE FEE. A SERVICE FEE WILL BE CHARGED IMMEDIATELY FOR ANY CHECK, DRAFT, CREDIT CARD, OR ORDER RETURNED FOR INSUFFICIENT FUNDS OR ANY OTHER REASON. A default occurs when any payment due under this agreement is more than ten days late. All dues and fees must be current and 30-Day notice provisions of this Agreement still apply.įOR ALL BILLING INQUIRIES, PLEASE CALL CLUB FITNESS CUSTOMER SERVICE AT (636) 928-0968.ĭEFAULT AND LATE PAYMENTS: Should you default on any payment obligation called for in this agreement, the club will have the right to declare the entire remaining balance due and payable and you agree to pay allowable interest, and all costs of collection, including but not limited to collection agency fees, court costs, and attorney fees. Notwithstanding any other terms of this Agreement, if your applicable membership level has a minimum number of installment payments, and you wish to terminate Agreement prior to the minimum installment payment term being fulfilled, you will be required pay a one-time early termination fee. Any new or updated automatic payment information billed to a checking, saving, credit or debit card account is automatically authorized upon new or updated information provided to bill this fee. You authorize this deduction to be processed annually through the same account as my regular monthly dues. You agree to pay any new, additional or increased taxes imposed on this Agreement.Īn annual membership fee of the indicated rate + tax, which is in addition to the monthly fees above, will be billed on the indicated date and on the same date each year thereafter for this membership plan. Dues whether paid yearly or monthly are subject to state and local sales tax, which you agree to pay in addition to your monthly fee. To terminate Agreement, refer to the terms within this Agreement. The EFT authorization will remain in effect until your notice of termination is received and effective. Further, upon completion of your minimum installment payment and as set forth below, your annual membership fee will be due. ![]() ![]() on your thirteenth payment), your monthly rate will increase by $1.00 and your membership shall automatically renew each month. Upon completion of your minimum installment payment (i.e. The indicated rate per month + tax for a minimum of the indicated number of monthly installment payments based on automatic payments billed to a checking, saving, credit or debit card account. Exhibit A – Payment Schedule and Terms Auto-Payment Plan / Automatic Renewal: ![]() ![]() ![]() If your car runs slower than 10.50 you will need an approved helmet, long sleeves, long pants, covered shoes and socks. Only a few requirements are needed to compete at Test n Tunes. Your entry admits the entrant only, all other people with you will pay spectator admission. Staging Lanes Test n TuneĪt the Test n Tune you need to pre enter to secure your spot. All amber lights come on at once for the start, this is known as a "Pro Start". These are Top Fuel, Funny Car, Pro Alcohol, Pro Slammer, Pro Stock, Top Bike & Pro Bike and Super Gas. The final form of racing conducted at Willowbank is "heads up" racing, where both vehicles leave the start line at the same time. This form of racing also uses the 3 amber starting format. These brackets are run at selected events at Willowbank. Eliminators using this format are Competition, Super Stock, Super Compact & Competition Bike. With this form of racing, to be competitive, one needs to have their car or bike capable of running close to or under the index of the class. The second type of handicap racing is class index racing, whereby you race on a fixed handicap based on the index for your class. In fact, some competitors have won a trophy at their first attempt. "Dial-your-own" racing is a very fair form of racing that provides close, competitive racing for even the first timer. But if your opposition does the same thing a “Double Breakout” situation arises, and the timers award the win automatically to the person "breaking out" by the least amount. Put simply, if you nominated 14.00 seconds for your "dial-in" and ran 13.99 or faster in racing you lose the race. To stop someone nominating a time they can run a lot faster than, thus giving an unfair advantage, a "breakout" rule is applied. In this mode the 3 amber start lights are activated one at a time at 0.4 second intervals which gives the competitor a short time to pre-empt the illumination of the green light. This gives the slower vehicle of a race a physical head start, which is programmed electronically into our Compulink Timing system. "Dial-your-own" simply means that you nominate your own handicap time. Roughly 90% of drag racing uses this system and if you are a newcomer to drag racing this is all you probably need to know to start with. The next form is the Street Series which is conducted on a handicap system known as “Dial-your-own” racing. The Test n Tune's are the most basic and are for competitors to bring their cars to the track and run against the clocks. and that's how we've planned it! Types of Racingīefore you decide on the direction of your drag racing involvement, a brief explanation of the various formats of racing at Willowbank is needed. You may find after reading this booklet and racing a few times, that you will be hooked on drag racing. So, welcome to the world of drag racing at Willowbank. But at least we can give you a head start!Īs well we will also detail the various formats of racing at Willowbank Raceway and just how simple it is to get involved. We can't make you an expert racer - that will only come with time and experience. And that's the purpose of "GO DRAG RACING".īy the time you finish this page, you will be an expert on just what makes drag racing tick. But as you know, nothing is confusing once you understand it. Newcomers to the quarter mile sport sometimes find it all a little bewildering, pre-stage and stage lights, red light starts, reaction times, handicap displays, break-outs, double break-outs & so on. Willowbank Raceway Invites you to GO DRAG RACING Printable Comp Audit Declaration Form (CAD). ![]() ![]() Drawing are held at Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.Check here today’s Winning Numbers for Tennessee Powerball Febru& the past 30 days. The minimum prize is a free Tennessee Cash QP ticket, for matching 2 main numbers. Players also win by matching at least 2 numbers, with or without the Cash Ball number. The top prize increases (e.g., a jackpot) if there is no top prize winner. Players pick 5 numbers from 1 to 35, and 1 Cash Ball number from 1 to 5. Tennessee Cash is the first in-state progressive jackpot game. Drawings are held every night just like the lottery’s cash 3 and cash 4 evening draws. Players who have 2, 3, or 4 numbers matched will win prizes. The Jackpot start at $30,000, and it keeps rolling, until there's a winner. The Tennessee State Lottery Commission has introduced this game on November 13th, 2022. The Lottery draw one different Wild Ball number for Cash 3 and Cash 4. In October 2021, the Lottery added a new add-on feature to both Cash 3 and Cash 4 games, replacing the Lucky Sum, called the Wild Ball. Prices, prizes, and options vary.Ĭash 4 also is drawn 19 times weekly it draws a four-digit number in the same fashion as Cash 3. In-house draw games Cash 3 Ĭash 3 is drawn thrice daily, except once on Sundays. ( December 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. People must be at least 18 years of age to purchase or redeem TELC tickets only cash can be used to purchase lottery tickets. Tennessee also has an in-state jackpot game, Tennessee Cash, which replaced Pick 5 in October 2010. On that date, Hot Lotto changed its double matrix and how the jackpot is to be advertised. Tennessee began its third multi-jurisdictional jackpot game, Hot Lotto, on it is the game's 16th member. However, Powerball (which moved its drawings from MUSL's Iowa headquarters to Florida in 2009) continues to be ball-drawn likewise, Mega Millions is ball-drawn in Atlanta, with the Megaplier RNG selection conducted in Texas, as California does not have the Megaplier option. ![]() On July 28, 2007, Tennessee switched from ball drawings to those using a random number generator (RNG). ![]() The TELC sold its first ticket on January 20, 2004. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL) it participates in the Mega Millions and Powerball games. The TELC is responsible for the operation of a lottery, and is deemed to be acting in all respects for the benefit of the people of Tennessee. TELC derives its legal authority from the Tennessee Education Lottery Implementation Law, which the General Assembly passed in accordance with a November 2002 amendment to the state constitution establishing the lottery and approved by 58 percent of the voters. ![]() The Tennessee Lottery is run by the Tennessee Education Lottery Corporation (TELC), which was created on June 11, 2003, by the Tennessee General Assembly. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() It was-and remains today-the “Cadillac of Guitars”. Designed more as a concept “guitar of the future” than an actual production guitar, Webster’s stunning white and gold beauty caused such a stir with sales reps that Gretsch had no choice but to offer it in their 1955 lineup. At the July Summer NAMM Show Webster unveiled the ultimate “dream guitar”, the opulent White Falcon. He also took marketing cues from the auto industry by introducing guitars finished in Cadillac Green, Jaguar Tan, and Copper Mist and conducting traveling “Guitarama” shows and demonstrations around the country.ġ954 was truly a banner year for Gretsch and Jimmie Webster. It was Webster’s idea to cover the top of the solid body Silver Jet guitar with a flashy, sparkle drum finish from Gretsch’s drum department. Webster and Gretsch led an industry “color revolution” and took guitars beyond their conservative natural or sunburst finishes. Throughout the decade, Webster proved to be Gretsch’s main “idea man” in his quest to distinguish Gretsch guitars from the competition. Based on industry trade journals, the event was well attended and very successful in getting Gretsch the awareness and exposure the company needed. Webster demonstrated the new Gretsch single cutaway Electromatic and Electro II hollow body electric guitars. Webster led a successful, three-day promotional show for music dealers and professional musicians at New York’s Park Sheraton Hotel. In 1951 Gretsch informed the music industry (and market leader Gibson) it was serious about manufacturing a professional line of electric guitars. The 1950s: A Golden Decade for Jimmie Webster and Gretsch Guitars. Webster’s long association with Gretsch guitars would span four decades. where he became more involved with the Gretsch Company. After the war, Webster moved to Long Island, N.Y. Webster was also an in-demand professional piano tuner, ran a small music store, and began doing a little consulting work for the Gretsch Company.ĭuring World War II Webster served as a musician in the U.S. In the 1930s Webster was a professional musician in the New York City area and married L’Ana Hyams, one of the first women jazz bandleaders. ![]() Keeping the family tradition alive, Webster excelled at piano but also had a passion for the guitar. Both parents played as well as taught piano and his sister, Virginia, became a well-respected jazz pianist. ALL of the guitars in this period are considered to be 1954 production.Jimmie Webster was born on Augin Van Wert, Ohio into a very musical family. The #13950-13999 range was a 50 unit group of Round-Ups (6130), and finally at #14000-14049 there was a 50 unit batch of Country Clubs. The guitars made just after this interesting cluster were a mixed batch of a couple of Burl Ives (6004) guitars, a couple of Baritone Ukes (6945) and the rest of the #138xx batch in addition to #13900-13949 were Jet solidbodies, including several Tenor jets (6127). perhaps preparing for the 1954 NAMM show? Maybe. Within this group of 50 labels there seems to be a lot of unique and "custom" activity happening at the Brooklyn factory. Those are actually all the numbers I've encountered from the #13750-13799 range of labels. Then at #13773 I've documented another special build, a model 6028 acoustic archtop with Cats-eye soundholes. with Chet's Streamliner Special (6120 prototype) at #13753, this pre-production White Falcon at #13757, and I've documented the other two known pre-production examples of the 6120 at #13767 and #13770. Then the production history gets interesting. ![]() The following batch was a group of 100 Corvette hollowbodies (#13550-13649). Serial number 13450 is attributed to the Mary Osborne Falcon Prototype (block markers), but the next 99 numbers were applied to a batch of Jet solidbodies (#13451-13549). ![]() ![]() You don’t have to block all countries but one, you can only allow certain IP addresses to access the website/Admin Panel.Īnd now you know how blocking a certain country in WordPress works. The Whitelist the below IP addresses: option is only useful if you intend on creating a limited-access website.This is a perfect solution if someone is spamming your website, sending bots, or trying to pull off a DDoS attack. Under Blacklist the below IP addresses: you can block access to a person using a certain IP address.You can redirect users to a URL (link) of your choice. If you are creative or have a fun message in mind, you can redirect blocked users to a page you created. It’s pre-designed for the theme you’re using. Under Show the following page when a visitor is blocked.Unless you have a certain proxy IP in mind, skip the next textbox too.Unless you have advanced knowledge of WordPress, don’t enter anything in the Choose Robot.In the first textbox, simply enter the name of the country you want to block from accessing your website.Check Enable Frontend (Backend) Blocking.The process is identical for both, it depends on which part you want to block access to. The configuration process happens in two tabs, Frontend (your website/blog) and Backend (your Admin Panel).It’s a new option that has appeared on the main menu in your Admin Panel. This plugin will not work if you have any other cache plugins for WordPress, and you must disable them. Your plugin now has the required database of IP addresses and can start functioning.BIN files you extracted to wp-content/uploads/ip2location. Using the FTP details provided by the host, log in to your website via the FTP client.Decompress the archives anywhere on your PC.You might also need to register an account on their website. We recommend clicking on the IPV4 + IPV6 BIN option. Now, depending on the license, you need to download two databases, IP2Location and IP2Proxy (Free), or IP2Location and IP2Proxy (Commercial). ![]() It is also possible to install a WordPress plugin via FTP.
![]() ![]() When maps with contour lines became common, the idea spread to other applications. Despite attempts to select a single standard, all of these alternatives have survived to the present. Additional alternatives, including the Greek-English hybrid isoline and isometric line ( Ancient Greek: μέτρον, romanized: metron, lit.'measure'), also emerged. During the early 20th Century, isopleth ( Ancient Greek: πλῆθος, romanized: plethos, lit.'amount') was being used by 1911 in the United States, while isarithm ( Ancient Greek: ἀριθμός, romanized: arithmos, lit.'number') had become common in Europe. ![]() Wright still preferred isogram, but it never attained wide usage. The word isogram ( Ancient Greek: ἴσος, romanized: isos, lit.'equal' + Ancient Greek: γράμμα, romanized: gramma, lit.'writing or drawing') was proposed by Francis Galton in 1889 for lines indicating equality of some physical condition or quantity, though isogram can also refer to a word without a repeated letter. Īs different uses of the technique were invented independently, cartographers began to recognize a common theme, and debated what to call these "lines of equal value" generally. Isobaths were not routinely used on nautical charts until those of Russia from 1834, and those of Britain from 1838. īy around 1843, when the Ordnance Survey started to regularly record contour lines in Great Britain and Ireland, they were already in general use in European countries. In 1801, the chief of the French Corps of Engineers, Haxo, used contour lines at the larger scale of 1:500 on a plan of his projects for Rocca d'Anfo, now in northern Italy, under Napoleon. Dupain-Triel used contour lines at 20-metre intervals, hachures, spot-heights and a vertical section. Such lines were used to describe a land surface (contour lines) in a map of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio by Domenico Vandelli in 1746, and they were studied theoretically by Ducarla in 1771, and Charles Hutton used them in the Schiehallion experiment. The Dutch engineer Nicholas Cruquius drew the bed of the river Merwede with lines of equal depth (isobaths) at intervals of 1 fathom in 1727, and Philippe Buache used them at 10-fathom intervals on a chart of the English Channel that was prepared in 1737 and published in 1752. In 1701, Edmond Halley used such lines (isogons) on a chart of magnetic variation. The oldest known isobath (contour line of constant depth) is found on a map dated 1584 of the river Spaarne, near Haarlem, by Dutchman Pieter Bruinsz. The idea of lines that join points of equal value was rediscovered several times. History Įdmond Halley's New and Correct Chart Shewing the Variations of the Compass (1701) In the latter case, the method of interpolation affects the reliability of individual isolines and their portrayal of slope, pits and peaks. Contour lines may be either traced on a visible three-dimensional model of the surface, as when a photogrammetrist viewing a stereo-model plots elevation contours, or interpolated from the estimated surface elevations, as when a computer program threads contours through a network of observation points of area centroids. The configuration of these contours allows map readers to infer the relative gradient of a parameter and estimate that parameter at specific places. A level set is a generalization of a contour line for functions of any number of variables.Ĭontour lines are curved, straight or a mixture of both lines on a map describing the intersection of a real or hypothetical surface with one or more horizontal planes. When the lines are close together the magnitude of the gradient is large: the variation is steep. The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour lines. The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or gentleness of slopes. In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. ![]() More generally, a contour line for a function of two variables is a curve connecting points where the function has the same particular value. It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function f ( x, y ) -plane. A two-dimensional contour graph of the three-dimensional surface in the above picture.Ī contour line (also isoline, isopleth, or isarithm) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value. ![]() |
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